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(2. The attached is a first draft of a paper summarising the Committee\222\
s conclusions on global )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(warming and renewable sources of energy. It has been prepared by the Exp\
ert Adviser and the )Tj
T*
(Secretariat. A draft of the paper was considered by the Reference Group \
at a meeting on 5 )Tj
T*
(February and the attached incorporates the views expressed by them.)Tj
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13.30435 0 0 13.30435 9.50311 417.02502 Tm
(3. Subject to revisions agreed at EDC, the intention is that this should\
form the main part of a full )Tj
T*
(report for consideration at EDC on 6 March. The hope is that this would \
then be published for wider )Tj
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(consultation. )Tj
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(Committee Secretariat)Tj
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(February 2002)Tj
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( )Tj
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(1. BACKGROUND TO ENERGY ISSUES IN WALES)Tj
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(The global, international and UK contexts)Tj
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/TT2 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 9.50311 199.02377 Tm
(Introduction)Tj
/TT1 1 Tf
( )Tj
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/Lbl <>BDC
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13.30435 0 0 13.30435 30.88509 164.98302 Tm
(1. )Tj
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(It is essential for a modern industrial society to have a secure and com\
petitively priced supply )Tj
T*
(of energy. This is critical for both its social and economic well being.\
Over the last two )Tj
T*
(hundred years, the global use of fossil fuels has increased the concentr\
ation of carbon )Tj
T*
(dioxide in the atmosphere so much that world climate is changing. To avo\
id the most adverse )Tj
T*
(effects it is essential that carbon dioxide concentrations are stabilise\
d and this in turn requires )Tj
T*
(significant reductions in carbon emissions. Existing international agree\
ments require )Tj
T*
(countries to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. The baseline for thes\
e is 1990 - under )Tj
T*
(the Kyoto treaty the UK has an obligation to reduce green house emission\
s by 12.5% by )Tj
T*
(2010; the government has a manifesto commitment to reduce carbon dioxide\
emissions by )Tj
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(20% by 2010. Reports from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change \
\(IPCC\) suggest )Tj
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(larger reductions are required by the middle of this century. )Tj
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(Global Warming)Tj
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(2. )Tj
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(In his presentation to the Economic Development Committee, Sir John Houg\
hton, Chairman )Tj
T*
(of the Scientific Assessment Group at the IPCC, showed how carbon dioxid\
e levels in the )Tj
T*
(atmosphere had risen from around 280 parts per million \(ppm\) in the pe\
riod 1000-1750 to 368 )Tj
T*
(ppm in 2000. The level is now at its highest for millions of years and W\
orld scientific opinion )Tj
T*
(attributes this primarily to the burning of fossil fuels. The effect of \
this is that the average )Tj
T*
(temperature of the Earth\222s surface is rising at a higher rate than it\
has for at least 10,000 )Tj
0 -1.29417 TD
(years and is projected this century to increase by 0.2 to 0.5 )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(\260)Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
( C per decade. Both humans )Tj
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(and ecosystems will find it difficult to adapt to this temperature incre\
ase.)Tj
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(3. )Tj
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(The effect of burning fossil fuels is slow to impact on the environment \
and even if it were )Tj
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(possible to eliminate emissions immediately adverse effects would contin\
ue to increase for )Tj
T*
(the next 50-100 years. The temperature of the earth\222s surface would c\
ontinue to rise for a )Tj
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(similar period. )Tj
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(4. )Tj
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(The two most immediate consequences of climate change are a rise in sea \
levels and a more )Tj
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(intense hydrological cycle. )Tj
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(5. )Tj
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(Assuming a stabilisation of carbon dioxide concentrations at about 550 p\
pm, the average sea )Tj
T*
(level rise expected by 2100 is around 0.5 m \(range of uncertainty 0.1 t\
o 1 m\) and the largest )Tj
T*
(contribution to this would come from the expansion of ocean water as it \
warms. However, in )Tj
T*
(the next 100 years only the top levels of the ocean would warm - it will\
take much longer for )Tj
T*
(the temperature rise, and consequent expansion, to affect lower levels. \
Sea level could )Tj
T*
(therefore continue to rise over many centuries. Since over half the worl\
d\222s population lives in )Tj
T*
(coastal regions, many communities will be affected by a rise in sea leve\
l. Worst affected will )Tj
T*
(be those in large delta regions, for instance in Bangladesh \(around 10 \
million people live )Tj
T*
(below the one metre contour\) and Southern China \(perhaps 25 million pe\
ople affected\), and )Tj
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(those in low-lying islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans)Tj
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(6. )Tj
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(The hydrological cycle is affected because, as the Earth\222s surface wa\
rms, more water will be )Tj
T*
(evaporated and enter the atmosphere. This will result in increased rainf\
all with more frequent )Tj
T*
(and intense periods of heavy rainfall leading to more frequent and inten\
se flooding in many )Tj
T*
(places. At the same time the air in some drier regions will become drier\
\226 leading to more )Tj
T*
(frequent and intense droughts in those regions. )Tj
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(7. )Tj
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(Sir John Houghton said that to reduce the impact of global warming to be\
tween 2)Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(\260)Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
( C and 5)Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(\260)Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
( C )Tj
T*
(it will be necessary to stabilise carbon dioxide concentrations at about\
550 ppm. Even at this )Tj
T*
(level sea-levels are expected to rise by about 0.5m by the end of the ce\
ntury and it is )Tj
T*
(estimated that by 2050 there would be around 150 million environmental r\
efugees as a )Tj
T*
(consequence.)Tj
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(8. )Tj
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(The impact of climate change on Wales is the subject of a recent report,\
"Climate Change )Tj
T*
(Wales \226 learning to Live Differently". The key impacts are those asso\
ciated with the rise in )Tj
T*
(sea-level, increased winter rainfall, increased occurrence of storms and\
flooding and the )Tj
T*
(changes in agriculture and habitat likely to result from increased tempe\
ratures. There will be )Tj
T*
(a wide range of economic consequences, including increased insurance cos\
ts, expenditures )Tj
T*
(on flood and storm defences, increased water management costs as well as\
changes in )Tj
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(agricultural output.)Tj
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(9. )Tj
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(Sir John pointed to three principles on which current international acti\
on was based:)Tj
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(l)Tj
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(the precautionary principle \(lack of scientific certainty should not pr\
event action\);)Tj
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(l)Tj
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( )Tj
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(the polluter pays; and )Tj
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(l)Tj
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( )Tj
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(the principle of equity, both intergenerational and international. )Tj
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(10. He said that reductions in the emissions of carbon dioxide could be \
achieved mainly by three )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(means: )Tj
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(a. )Tj
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(by improvement in the efficiency of energy generation and energy use, )Tj
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/Lbl <>BDC
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(b. )Tj
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(by changing to non-fossil-fuel sources of energy generation, and )Tj
ET
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/Lbl <>BDC
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/T1_0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 31.63014 558.0511 Tm
(c. )Tj
ET
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/LBody <>BDC
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(by sequestration of greenhouse gases.)Tj
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/TT0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 9.50311 524.02998 Tm
(11. In addition to these actions to reduce emissions it would also be ne\
cessary to take steps to )Tj
T*
(adapt to climate change, including improved flood defences, changes to w\
ater management and )Tj
T*
(agriculture. Both mitigation and adaptation are essential and are not al\
ternatives.)Tj
ET
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/P <>BDC
BT
/TT0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 9.50311 458.07843 Tm
(12. He concluded by noting that the technology was available to stabilis\
e carbon dioxide emissions )Tj
T*
(at about 550ppm and that the cost of doing this was relatively modest at\
around 1% of GDP spread )Tj
T*
(over the next 50 years. What was needed was the will to take action. )Tj
ET
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/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 47.51553 392.14653 Tm
(UK action)Tj
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/P <>BDC
BT
/TT0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 9.50311 358.10576 Tm
(13. Adopting a similar analysis the Royal Commission on Environmental Po\
llution proposed a 60% )Tj
T*
(reduction in carbon dioxide emissions for the UK by 2050. Part of the UK\
Government\222s response to )Tj
T*
(this Report indicated that meeting such a target was feasible but would \
not be easy. It noted also )Tj
T*
(that that at about 0.02% of GDP the costs of reducing carbon emissions w\
as relatively small. )Tj
ET
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/P <>BDC
BT
/TT0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 9.50311 276.189 Tm
(14. There is broad agreement between all authorities that the most effec\
tive and efficient way to )Tj
T*
(achieve this would be through a system of \221Carbon Trading\222 support\
ed by regulations and pricing of )Tj
T*
(carbon emissions. Trading allows those who can reduce emissions at least\
cost, to sell permits to )Tj
T*
(those who find it more expensive to reduce emissions. Such schemes provi\
de economic rewards to )Tj
T*
(firms and countries who take a lead in carbon abatement)Tj
ET
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/P <>BDC
BT
/TT0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 9.50311 178.30701 Tm
(15. In addition to the Kyoto carbon abatement targets the UK also has ta\
rgets to obtain 10% of its )Tj
T*
(electricity supplies from renewable sources and to have 10GW of CHP capa\
city installed by 2010. )Tj
T*
(The European Union has recently announced a target to obtain [28%?] of e\
lectricity from renewable )Tj
T*
(sources by 2010. The EU has also introduced a range of minimum standards\
for energy-using )Tj
T*
(appliances, including motor vehicles, through a combination of mandatory\
and voluntary )Tj
T*
(agreements. )Tj
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(PIU study )Tj
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(16. Last year the UK Government announced a thorough review of UK Energy\
Policy by the )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(Performance and Innovation Unit \(PIU\) in the Cabinet Office. The stimu\
lus for this review was the )Tj
T*
(change in context for UK energy policy. Trends in energy markets have be\
en comparatively benign )Tj
T*
(over the past 10-15 years. The UK has been self-sufficient in energy; co\
mmercial decisions have )Tj
T*
(resulted in changes in the fuel mix that have reduced UK emissions of gr\
eenhouse gases and )Tj
T*
(trends in world markets and domestic liberalisation have reduced most fu\
el prices. The future )Tj
T*
(context for energy policy is expected to be different. The UK will be in\
creasingly dependent on )Tj
T*
(imported oil and gas. The Californian crisis has highlighted the importa\
nce of putting in place the )Tj
T*
(right incentives for investment in energy infrastructure. )Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 9.50311 594.1629 Tm
(17. It is generally agreed that energy policy should address all three o\
bjectives of sustainable )Tj
T*
(development\227economic, environmental and social\227as well as energy s\
ecurity. The overall aim )Tj
T*
(should be the pursuit of secure and competitively priced means of meetin\
g the UK\222s energy needs, )Tj
T*
(subject to the achievement of an environmentally sustainable energy syst\
em. However since )Tj
T*
(climate change objectives must largely be achieved through the energy sy\
stem, where energy )Tj
T*
(policy decisions involve trade-offs between environmental and other obje\
ctives, then environmental )Tj
T*
(objectives should take preference. There is a strong likelihood that the\
UK will need to make very )Tj
T*
(large carbon emission reductions over the next century in order to compl\
y with international )Tj
T*
(agreements. The immediate priorities of energy policy are likely to be m\
ost cost-effectively served )Tj
T*
(by promoting energy efficiency and expanding the role of renewables. )Tj
ET
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/P <>BDC
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/TT0 1 Tf
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(18. Estimates from the PIU working papers suggest that to meet possible \
carbon reduction targets )Tj
0 -1.20306 TD
(by 2050 it will be necessary to have:)Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
( )Tj
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(a. )Tj
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(a reduction of at least 50% in total energy demand through energy effici\
ency measures)Tj
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(b. )Tj
ET
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(at least 50% of total electricity production produced from zero-carbon s\
ources)Tj
ET
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/T1_0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 31.63014 334.49727 Tm
(c. )Tj
ET
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/LBody <>BDC
BT
/TT0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 47.51553 334.49727 Tm
(substantial changes in vehicle technology that provide very low carbon e\
missions for transport)Tj
ET
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/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 9.50311 300.47615 Tm
(2. WELSH CONTEXT)Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
( )Tj
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/TT0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 9.50311 266.09439 Tm
(19. Wales has to see its energy needs and how it meets them, and its con\
tribution to reducing )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(carbon emissions and global warming, in the context of developments else\
where within the United )Tj
T*
(Kingdom and the rest of the world. )Tj
ET
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/TT0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 9.50311 200.14284 Tm
(20. Wales has a proportionally larger industrial base than the rest of t\
he UK including coal mining, )Tj
T*
(oil refining and electricity generation. The gas and electricity systems\
in Wales are integrated with )Tj
T*
(those of England and Scotland through the National Grid and National Tra\
nsmission System \(NTS\). )Tj
T*
(As shown in the table below Wales has proportionally more power generati\
on, and slightly less )Tj
T*
(renewables generation, compared to the UK average. )Tj
ET
EMC
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/TT0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 320.401 102.26085 Tm
(Wales)Tj
ET
EMC
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/TT0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 418.45024 102.26085 Tm
(UK Total)Tj
ET
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/TT0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 520.57062 102.26085 Tm
(Welsh as )Tj
-0.8895 -1.2 Td
(proportion UK)Tj
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13.30435 0 0 13.30435 539.42953 52.27452 Tm
(\(%\))Tj
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(5.0)Tj
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(Power generation)Tj
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(Total capacity \(GW\))Tj
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(5.5)Tj
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/TT1 1 Tf
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(72)Tj
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/TT1 1 Tf
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(7.6)Tj
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BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 129.4323 707.31407 Tm
(Electricity produced \(TWh\))Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 331.48352 707.31407 Tm
(30)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 433.23138 707.31407 Tm
(381)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 540.52715 707.31407 Tm
(7.9)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 152.35568 691.34885 Tm
(Nuclear capacity \(GW\))Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 329.63422 691.34885 Tm
(1.0)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 431.38208 691.34885 Tm
(13.0)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 540.52715 691.34885 Tm
(7.7)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 124.98865 675.38364 Tm
(Renewables capacity \(GW\))Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 325.93561 675.38364 Tm
(0.23)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 435.08069 675.38364 Tm
(5.3)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 540.52715 675.38364 Tm
(4.3)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 9.50311 641.36252 Tm
(21. Heat demand in Wales is higher than the UK average due to the larger\
industrial base, for )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(example 42% of gas supplied in Wales is to industry compared to 27% for \
the UK. An additional )Tj
T*
(factor is the age of the housing stock with more than 40% of houses in W\
ales with solid walls )Tj
T*
(compared to a UK average of 27%. Heat demand is not increasing as fast a\
s electricity demand and )Tj
T*
(there tends to be more scope for reducing heat demand than electricity d\
emand through energy )Tj
T*
(efficiency measures. This coupled with the greater carbon intensity of e\
lectricity than other fuels )Tj
T*
(means that the main focus on reducing carbon emissions is in respect of \
electricity production.)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 9.50311 511.55009 Tm
(22. The situation is exacerbated by the expectation that the UK nuclear \
power stations, including )Tj
T*
(Wylfa in Wales, are expected be decommissioned over the next 20 - 25 yea\
rs, thereby removing a )Tj
T*
(significant source of zero-carbon electricity. Indeed over the next 20 y\
ears 38GW of generating )Tj
T*
(capacity, almost half of all the power stations in England and in Wales,\
are expected to be retired )Tj
T*
(and will need to be replaced in some fashion. Given the imperative to re\
duce carbon emissions )Tj
T*
(there is a strong incentive to ensure as large a contribution as possibl\
e from renewables.)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 9.50311 397.70288 Tm
(23. The Table below sets out the renewables contributions to electricity\
production in a range of EU )Tj
T*
(countries in 1997 and their projections for 2010. The table shows renewa\
bles including hydro and )Tj
T*
(excluding hydro and for the 2010 projections shows the total electricity\
produced \(in TWh\). It should )Tj
T*
(be noted that some countries are anticipating significant growth in rene\
wables between 2010 and )Tj
T*
(2025. For example the German programme includes a 25% contribution to el\
ectricity production )Tj
T*
(from wind by 2025, 15% \(20-25GW\) from off-shore and the balance from o\
n-shore. The Welsh )Tj
T*
(figures for 2010 are based on the 4TWh target proposed later in this rep\
ort. )Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 47.51553 254.94676 Tm
(Percentage of electricity generated from renewable sources \(%\))Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 174.1519 220.5242 Tm
(Excluding )Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 228.84607 220.5242 Tm
(Hydro)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 364.67592 220.5242 Tm
(Including)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 415.67148 220.5242 Tm
(hydro)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 171.58281 204.55899 Tm
(1997)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 262.24808 204.55899 Tm
(2010)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 355.66078 204.55899 Tm
(1997)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 449.07349 204.55899 Tm
(2010)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 524.38564 204.55899 Tm
(2010\(TWh\))Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 47.51553 188.59377 Tm
(Wales)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 176.57193 188.59377 Tm
(0.8)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 263.91112 188.59377 Tm
(10.0)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 360.64992 188.59377 Tm
(1.5)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 450.73653 188.59377 Tm
(10.7)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 547.47533 188.59377 Tm
(4.0)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 47.51553 172.62856 Tm
(UK)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 176.57193 172.62856 Tm
(0.9)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 267.23721 172.62856 Tm
(9.3)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 360.64992 172.62856 Tm
(1.7)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 450.73653 172.62856 Tm
(10.0)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 549.13837 172.62856 Tm
(50)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 47.51553 156.66333 Tm
(Denmark)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 176.57193 156.66333 Tm
(8.7)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 263.91112 156.66333 Tm
(29.0)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 360.64992 156.66333 Tm
(8.7)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 450.73653 156.66333 Tm
(29.0)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 544.14923 156.66333 Tm
(12.9)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 47.51553 140.69812 Tm
(Germany)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 176.57193 140.69812 Tm
(2.4)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 263.91112 140.69812 Tm
(10.3)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 360.64992 140.69812 Tm
(4.5)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 450.73653 140.69812 Tm
(12.5)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 544.14923 140.69812 Tm
(76.4)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 47.51553 124.73289 Tm
(France)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 176.57193 124.73289 Tm
(2.2)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 267.23721 124.73289 Tm
(8.9)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 357.32382 124.73289 Tm
(15.0)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 450.73653 124.73289 Tm
(21.0)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 540.82315 124.73289 Tm
(112.9)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 47.51553 108.76768 Tm
(Sweden)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 176.57193 108.76768 Tm
(5.1)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 263.91112 108.76768 Tm
(15.7)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 357.32382 108.76768 Tm
(49.1)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 450.73653 108.76768 Tm
(60.0)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 544.14923 108.76768 Tm
(97.5)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 47.51553 92.80246 Tm
(Netherlands)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 176.57193 92.80246 Tm
(3.5)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 263.91112 92.80246 Tm
(12.0)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 360.64992 92.80246 Tm
(3.5)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 450.73653 92.80246 Tm
(12.0)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 544.14923 92.80246 Tm
(15.9)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 47.51553 76.83725 Tm
(EU total)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 176.57193 76.83725 Tm
(3.2)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 263.91112 76.83725 Tm
(12.5)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 357.32382 76.83725 Tm
(13.9)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 450.73653 76.83725 Tm
(22.1)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 540.82315 76.83725 Tm
(674.9)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 9.50311 42.85692 Tm
(24. The National Assembly has a duty under Section 121 of the Government\
of Wales Act to )Tj
ET
EMC
Q
endstream
endobj
633 0 obj 4525
endobj
634 0 obj<>stream
/P <>BDC
q
0 0 612 792 re
W* n
0 0 0 rg
0 i
BT
/TT0 1 Tf
0 Tc 0 Tw 0 Ts 100 Tz 0 Tr 13.30435 0 0 13.30435 9.50311 755.90576 Tm
(promote sustainable development. It is therefore committed to the develo\
pment of policies and )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(actions across the Assembly that take environmental, economic and social\
objectives and )Tj
T*
(implications properly into account. Where possible, policies are develop\
ed which deliver effective )Tj
T*
(protection of the Welsh environment and contribute to tackling global an\
d environmental threats )Tj
T*
(such as climate change.)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 9.50311 658.02377 Tm
(25. All the studies carried out by IPPC, RCEP, PIU and others have concl\
uded that it is necessary )Tj
T*
(to stabilise carbon dioxide concentrations whilst maintaining economic g\
rowth. To do this it will be )Tj
T*
(essential to reduce energy demand by improvements in energy efficiency a\
nd to reduce the carbon )Tj
T*
(intensity of the fuels used - especially electricity. There is broad agr\
eement that within liberalised )Tj
T*
(electricity markets the most promising route for achieving these reducti\
ons is through the )Tj
T*
(development of renewable energy. )Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 9.50311 544.17657 Tm
(26. In the light of all this evidence the Economic Development Committee\
has concluded that its )Tj
T*
(Energy Review should focus on energy efficiency, renewables, combined-he\
at and power and )Tj
T*
(economic drivers of energy production and use. This is the first in a se\
ries of reports and deals with )Tj
T*
(the issues associated with renewable energy development in Wales. )Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 47.51553 462.2598 Tm
( )Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 47.51553 428.59932 Tm
(3. RENEWABLE ENERGY IN WALES)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 47.51553 394.5782 Tm
(Resource potential, costs and risks)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 47.51553 360.55708 Tm
(Potential)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 9.50311 326.17532 Tm
(27. A strategic study of the renewables potential in Wales, covering tec\
hnical, economic and )Tj
T*
(planning issues, has been undertaken and a draft report is available. Th\
is concluded that renewable )Tj
T*
(energy created a win-win situation by )Tj
ET
EMC
/Lbl <>BDC
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 31.63014 260.22377 Tm
(a. )Tj
ET
EMC
/LBody <>BDC
BT
/TT0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 47.51553 260.22377 Tm
(creating high quality sustainable employment)Tj
ET
EMC
/Lbl <>BDC
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 30.88509 244.25856 Tm
(b. )Tj
ET
EMC
/LBody <>BDC
BT
/TT0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 47.51553 244.25856 Tm
(contributing positively to carbon abatement thereby helping to fulfil co\
mmitments)Tj
ET
EMC
/Lbl <>BDC
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 31.63014 228.29333 Tm
(c. )Tj
ET
EMC
/LBody <>BDC
BT
/TT0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 47.51553 228.29333 Tm
(facilitating diversification and sustainability in the rural economy)Tj
ET
EMC
/Lbl <>BDC
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 30.88509 212.32813 Tm
(d. )Tj
ET
EMC
/LBody <>BDC
BT
/TT0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 47.51553 212.32813 Tm
(helping local communities have secure, cost effective energy supplies)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 9.50311 178.30701 Tm
(28. The report emphasised the opportunity for expanding renewables produ\
ction in Wales and )Tj
T*
(estimated the long term potential, taking account of technical, economic\
and environmental )Tj
T*
(constraints, at almost 12 TWh of electricity plus 5 TWh of heat. This re\
presents more than a 30-fold )Tj
T*
(increase in output compared from today\222s level. Furthermore over the \
next 20-50 years there will be )Tj
T*
(substantial changes in technology, costs and environmental factors that \
are likely to increase the )Tj
T*
(potential. The Table below sets out the current UK use of heat and elect\
ricity together with forecasts )Tj
T*
(based upon varying degrees of energy efficiency improvements. This shows\
that the report )Tj
T*
(identifies Welsh renewables as having the potential to supply 7.5% of UK\
electricity needs and a )Tj
T*
(small contribution to heating demands. )Tj
ET
EMC
Q
endstream
endobj
635 0 obj 9363
endobj
636 0 obj<>stream
/P <>BDC
q
0 0 612 792 re
W* n
0 0 0 rg
0 i
BT
/TT0 1 Tf
0 Tc 0 Tw 0 Ts 100 Tz 0 Tr 13.30435 0 0 13.30435 47.51553 750.00554 Tm
(UK energy projections \(TWh/annum\) )Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 354.61029 715.62378 Tm
(2000)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 460.46252 715.62378 Tm
(2050 \(projections\))Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 47.51553 699.65855 Tm
(Heat demand)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 358.3089 699.65855 Tm
(950)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 489.29305 699.65855 Tm
(530-850)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 47.51553 683.69334 Tm
(Electricity production)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 358.3089 683.69334 Tm
(380)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 489.29305 683.69334 Tm
(300-475)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 47.51553 650.03287 Tm
(Costs)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 9.50311 615.65111 Tm
(29. One of the significant advantages of most renewable technologies is \
that they are relatively )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(small scale and modular. This has several benefits for energy systems. )Tj
ET
EMC
/Lbl <>BDC
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 31.63014 565.66476 Tm
(a. )Tj
ET
EMC
/LBody <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 47.51553 565.66476 Tm
(short lead times for increasing supply)Tj
ET
EMC
/Lbl <>BDC
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 30.88509 549.69955 Tm
(b. )Tj
ET
EMC
/LBody <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 47.51553 549.69955 Tm
(lower impact of failure of individual units)Tj
ET
EMC
/Lbl <>BDC
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 31.63014 533.73433 Tm
(c. )Tj
ET
EMC
/LBody <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 47.51553 533.73433 Tm
(lower risks for investors)Tj
ET
EMC
/Lbl <>BDC
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 30.88509 517.76912 Tm
(d. )Tj
ET
EMC
/LBody <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 47.51553 517.76912 Tm
(opportunity for significant "learning by doing" to reduce costs)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 9.50311 483.748 Tm
(30. "Learning by doing" refers to the observed relationship between redu\
ction in production costs )Tj
T*
(with cumulative production, a well-documented relationship across a wide\
range of mechanical, )Tj
T*
(chemical and material industries world wide. )Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 9.50311 417.79645 Tm
(31. Data for EU wind projects demonstrates that the costs of wind power \
have been reducing by )Tj
T*
(18% with each doubling of cumulative production. Assuming this trend con\
tinues, the PIU study )Tj
T*
(estimated that by about 2020 wind energy would be the cheapest form of e\
lectricity production at )Tj
T*
(less than 2p/kWh. The Table below shows the current and projected costs \
for different electricity )Tj
T*
(production technologies. )Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 47.51553 320.2751 Tm
(Cost of generating electricity \(pence per kWh\) and Resource potentials\
)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 47.51553 286.25398 Tm
(Type of technology)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 229.1998 286.25398 Tm
(Current cost )Tj
1.75 -1.2 Td
(range)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 246.2094 236.26764 Tm
(\(p/kWh\))Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 350.92561 286.25398 Tm
(Costs )Tj
-1.8905 -1.2 Td
(expected 2020)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 454.14581 286.25398 Tm
(UK )Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 436.03194 252.23286 Tm
(potential)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 436.77699 218.21175 Tm
(\(TWh/yr\))Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 534.80849 286.25398 Tm
(Welsh )Tj
-0.472 -1.2 Td
(potential)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 529.27388 236.26764 Tm
(\(TWh/yr\))Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 47.51553 201.88588 Tm
(Fossil-fuel plant)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 246.18945 201.88588 Tm
(2.0 - 2.5)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 342.7767 201.88588 Tm
(3.0 \226 3.5*)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 47.51553 185.92067 Tm
(Large hydro \(> 10MW\))Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 246.18945 185.92067 Tm
(2.5 - 3.0)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 345.3644 185.92067 Tm
(2.5 \226 3.0)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 47.51553 169.95546 Tm
(Small hydro \(10MW<\))Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 261.34975 169.95546 Tm
(4.0)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 346.84784 169.95546 Tm
(3.5 - 4.0)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 456.35434 169.95546 Tm
(40)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 543.30331 169.95546 Tm
(0.62)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 47.51553 153.99023 Tm
(Energy from waste)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 246.18945 153.99023 Tm
(2.5 - 3.0)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 345.3644 153.99023 Tm
(2.5 \226 3.0)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 450.80643 153.99023 Tm
(13.5)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 547.00192 153.99023 Tm
(1.0)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 47.51553 138.02502 Tm
(Landfill gas)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 244.70601 138.02502 Tm
(2.5 \226 3.0)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 345.3644 138.02502 Tm
(2.5 \226 3.0)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 454.50504 138.02502 Tm
(7.0)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 543.30331 138.02502 Tm
(0.24)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 47.51553 122.0598 Tm
(On-shore wind)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 246.55531 122.0598 Tm
(3.0 \2263.5)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 345.3644 122.0598 Tm
(1.0 \226 2.0)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 452.65573 122.0598 Tm
(317)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 547.00192 122.0598 Tm
(5.0)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 47.51553 106.09459 Tm
(Off shore wind)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 248.03876 106.09459 Tm
(5.5- 6.0)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 345.3644 106.09459 Tm
(2.0 \226 4.0)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 445.07225 106.09459 Tm
(>3000)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 547.00192 106.09459 Tm
(0.5)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 47.51553 90.12936 Tm
(Near shore wave)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 261.34975 90.12936 Tm
(6.0)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 345.3644 90.12936 Tm
(3.0 \226 4.0)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 452.46947 90.12936 Tm
(>50)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 547.00192 90.12936 Tm
(1.0)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 47.51553 74.16415 Tm
(Off shore wave)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 241.0074 74.16415 Tm
(8.0 \226 10.0)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 345.3644 74.16415 Tm
(4.0 \226 6.0)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 448.77086 74.16415 Tm
(>600)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 47.51553 58.19893 Tm
(Tidal flow)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 244.70601 58.19893 Tm
(3.5 \226 6.0)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 345.3644 58.19893 Tm
(2.5 \226 4.0)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 456.35434 58.19893 Tm
(36)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 547.00192 58.19893 Tm
(0.7)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 47.51553 42.23372 Tm
(Energy crops)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 246.55531 42.23372 Tm
(6.0 \2268.5)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 345.3644 42.23372 Tm
(4.5 \226 6.0)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 446.01021 42.23372 Tm
(\221large\222)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 547.00192 42.23372 Tm
(2.5)Tj
ET
EMC
Q
endstream
endobj
637 0 obj<>
endobj
638 0 obj<>
endobj
639 0 obj 4416
endobj
640 0 obj<>stream
/P <>BDC
q
0 0 612 792 re
W* n
0 0 0 rg
0 i
BT
/TT0 1 Tf
0 Tc 0 Tw 0 Ts 100 Tz 0 Tr 13.30435 0 0 13.30435 47.51553 755.79396 Tm
(Solar photovoltaic)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 249.88806 755.79396 Tm
(40 - 60)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 358.30952 755.79396 Tm
(10.0)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 452.65573 755.79396 Tm
(266)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 543.30331 755.79396 Tm
(0.01)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 47.51553 721.77284 Tm
(* includes 1p/kWh for carbon-dioxide sequestration as required for low c\
arbon future.)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 9.50311 687.75172 Tm
(32. As well as different production costs and resource potentials the re\
newable technologies also )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(have different characteristics. Because the source of power can be store\
d hydro, energy crops, )Tj
T*
(landfill gas and energy from waste provide the most reliable sources of \
power, essentially the same )Tj
T*
(as current fossil fuel plants. All the other sources are intermittent wi\
th tidal being the most )Tj
T*
(predictable and solar the least predictable.)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 9.50311 589.86974 Tm
(33. Whilst renewables contribute less than 10% of total electricity prod\
uction their intermittency )Tj
T*
(does not pose a problem. This is because the electricity system has to h\
ave a spinning reserve of )Tj
T*
(about 20% to accommodate fluctuations in demand and the possible failure\
of a large power station. )Tj
T*
(If intermittent sources of electricity were to contribute as much as 20%\
of total power generation )Tj
T*
(then the amount of reserve would need to be increased, with a small cost\
penalty. In the future a )Tj
T*
(mix of renewable sources coupled with new electricity storage systems, p\
ossibly based on )Tj
T*
(regenerative fuel cells, would enable renewables to make a contribution \
in excess of 20%.)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 9.50311 460.05731 Tm
(34. The above table does not include the Severn barrage. The feasibility\
of a barrage scheme has )Tj
T*
(been studied intensively and an updated report is currently being consid\
ered by DTI. In the context )Tj
T*
(of liberalised electricity markets a major issue will be whether a schem\
e of this size would be able to )Tj
T*
(attract sufficient private funding. )Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 47.51553 378.50119 Tm
(Development Risks)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 9.50311 344.11943 Tm
(35. The major obstacles to renewables development are planning consents,\
issues associated with )Tj
T*
(grid connection; wholesale electricity prices and obtaining development \
finance at low enough )Tj
T*
(costs. )Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT2 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 47.51553 278.55475 Tm
(Planning)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 9.50311 244.14676 Tm
(36. Energy supply, climate change, employment, environmental protection \
and commercial )Tj
T*
(development are all important. Change is occurring, both on the ground a\
nd in people\222s )Tj
T*
(perceptions, and more change is needed. Inevitably what some groups and \
individuals see as )Tj
T*
(opportunities, other see as threats and there is a need to bring togethe\
r the many different and valid )Tj
T*
(perspectives on the issues involved. The planning system is the right fo\
rum to do this locally but the )Tj
T*
(debate needs to be within the correct context and with a full understand\
ing of the social economic )Tj
T*
(and environmental issues. Many important and critical decisions will nee\
d to be taken and it is )Tj
T*
(important to have frameworks in which these can be done quickly and effi\
ciently and in a way which )Tj
T*
(achieves as wide a degree of acceptance as possible in the decisions. )Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT2 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 47.51553 82.79077 Tm
(Electricity Connection and Prices)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 9.50311 48.38278 Tm
(37. It is widely recognised that renewables generators suffer two disadv\
antages due to the way that )Tj
ET
EMC
Q
endstream
endobj
641 0 obj 4590
endobj
642 0 obj<>stream
/P <>BDC
q
0 0 612 792 re
W* n
0 0 0 rg
0 i
BT
/TT0 1 Tf
0 Tc 0 Tw 0 Ts 100 Tz 0 Tr 13.30435 0 0 13.30435 9.50311 755.90576 Tm
(the electricity system in the UK grew up and has developed since liberal\
isation. The system was )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(designed around remote large-scale power stations supplying electricity \
to consumers through the )Tj
T*
(national grid and local distribution networks. It is difficult and curre\
ntly expensive to connect a small-)Tj
T*
(scale generator within the distribution system \(so called embedded gene\
ration\). There is an )Tj
T*
(Embedded Generation Working Group in the DTI charged with resolving thes\
e issues as a matter of )Tj
T*
(urgency.)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 9.50311 642.05856 Tm
(38. Recently the method of buying and selling electricity in the wholesa\
le market \(between )Tj
T*
(generators and suppliers\) was changed by the introduction of NETA \(New\
Electricity Trading )Tj
T*
(Arrangements\). The changes have succeeded in reducing the wholesale pri\
ce of electricity, but at )Tj
T*
(the cost of imposing excessive penalties on intermittent generators \(re\
newables and CHP\). This is )Tj
T*
(also an area under investigation by Ofgem and DTI. )Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 47.51553 544.56345 Tm
(Financing)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 9.50311 510.15546 Tm
(39. The development of new and novel technologies invariably encounters \
difficulties in attracting )Tj
T*
(finance. There is an important role for the public sector to play in fac\
ilitating demonstration projects )Tj
T*
(for the various technologies. This should go some way to reducing the ri\
sk involved in deploying )Tj
T*
(expensive technology. Matters have been compounded with reducing prices \
for energy. High-risk )Tj
T*
(investments with equity participation demand high returns for investors \
who require due diligence )Tj
T*
(studies, firm costings and a degree of certainty on key factors such as \
planning. Any delays )Tj
T*
(increase risk and can deter the most committed of investors!)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 9.50311 380.34303 Tm
(40. Public sector involvement at the technology proving stage can help a\
lleviate some of these risk )Tj
T*
(factors. This can be complemented by more imaginative procurement within\
the public sector to )Tj
T*
(generate demand and to foster local sourcing and an indigenous base for \
the technology. There is )Tj
T*
(clearly a need for an imaginative input from Government at local, Welsh \
Assembly and UK levels to )Tj
T*
(help share the risks and rewards, and thereby facilitate private sector \
investment.)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT2 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 9.50311 282.82169 Tm
(4. RENEWABLES POLICY ISSUES)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT2 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 9.50311 248.43993 Tm
(A.)Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
( There is a very strong consensus that global warming is occurring and i\
s largely due to the )Tj
0 -1.22711 TD
(release of carbon dioxide resulting from the use of fossil fuels. The Co\
mmittee accepts the broad )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(consensus that in order to reduce carbon emissions to stabilise carbon d\
ioxide concentrations it will )Tj
T*
(be essential to pursue )Tj
/TT2 1 Tf
(both)Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
( energy efficiency and renewable energy sources with far greater vigour \
)Tj
0 -1.2271 TD
(over the coming decades. )Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT2 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 9.50311 150.1973 Tm
(In particular it recommends that the National Assembly for Wales )Tj
ET
EMC
/Lbl <>BDC
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 31.63014 116.17618 Tm
(a. )Tj
ET
EMC
/LBody <>BDC
BT
/TT2 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 47.51553 116.17618 Tm
(recognises that over the next twenty to fifty years it will be necessary\
to move towards )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(a zero carbon electricity system)Tj
ET
EMC
/Lbl <>BDC
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 30.88509 84.24574 Tm
(b. )Tj
ET
EMC
/LBody <>BDC
BT
/TT2 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 47.51553 84.24574 Tm
(seeks to develop its indigenous renewable resources so as to make a time\
ly )Tj
T*
(contribution to the reduction of carbon emissions)Tj
ET
EMC
/Lbl <>BDC
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 31.63014 52.31531 Tm
(c. )Tj
ET
EMC
/LBody <>BDC
BT
/TT2 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 47.51553 52.31531 Tm
(promotes renewable sources of energy in such a way as to enhance industr\
ial, rural )Tj
ET
EMC
Q
endstream
endobj
643 0 obj 4362
endobj
644 0 obj<>stream
/LBody <>BDC
q
0 0 612 792 re
W* n
0 0 0 rg
0 i
BT
/TT0 1 Tf
0 Tc 0 Tw 0 Ts 100 Tz 0 Tr 13.30435 0 0 13.30435 47.51553 756.2664 Tm
(and commercial opportunities in Wales without prejudicing tourism or are\
as of )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(environmental significance.)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 9.50311 706.28008 Tm
( )Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 9.50311 671.89832 Tm
(B. )Tj
/TT1 1 Tf
(The UK has a target to supply 10% of electricity from renewables by 2010\
rising to 20% by 2020. )Tj
0 -1.22711 TD
(This is supported by three policy instruments: )Tj
ET
EMC
/Lbl <>BDC
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 31.63014 621.55133 Tm
(a. )Tj
ET
EMC
/LBody <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 47.51553 621.55133 Tm
(The renewables Obligation placed on all electricity suppliers. This prov\
ides a subsidy of up to )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(3.0p/kWh for renewables)Tj
ET
EMC
/Lbl <>BDC
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 30.88509 589.6209 Tm
(b. )Tj
ET
EMC
/LBody <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 47.51553 589.6209 Tm
(Renewables exemption from the Climate Change Levy imposed on all busines\
ses. This is )Tj
T*
(worth up to 0.43p/kWh)Tj
ET
EMC
/Lbl <>BDC
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 31.63014 557.69046 Tm
(c. )Tj
ET
EMC
/LBody <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 47.51553 557.69046 Tm
(Capital grants for renewables through a number of mechanisms, including \
a recent \243100m )Tj
T*
(allocation.)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 9.50311 507.70413 Tm
(The Assembly already has a target to generate 10% of electricity from re\
newable sources by 2010. )Tj
T*
(This corresponds to about 4TWh compared to current production of about 0\
.6 TWh.)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 9.50311 458.07843 Tm
(It is recommended that the National Assembly adopts Welsh targets for bo\
th electricity )Tj
T*
(production and heat production from renewable sources. The electricity p\
roduction targets )Tj
T*
(should be 4 TWh by 2010 rising to 8TWh by 2020. The heat targets should \
be 2 TWh by 2010 )Tj
T*
(and 4 TWh by 2020.)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT0 1 Tf
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(In order to promote these targets the National Assembly should seek info\
rmation from all )Tj
T*
(Local Authorities on the contributions that could be made to meeting suc\
h targets from )Tj
T*
(within their areas.)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 9.50311 310.21011 Tm
( )Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 9.50311 275.82835 Tm
(C. )Tj
/TT1 1 Tf
(The UK target and the Renewables Obligation are deliberately framed in t\
erms of an overall )Tj
0 -1.22711 TD
(contribution from renewables and do not differentiate between different \
renewable technologies. )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(This has been criticised as favouring the most developed and disadvantag\
ing those that are still at )Tj
T*
(an early stage of development \(e.g. tidal stream and wave power\) but h\
as the advantage of )Tj
T*
(avoiding the difficulties and traps associated with \221picking winners\222\
.)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 9.50311 177.94637 Tm
(It is recommended that the National Assembly and other public bodies in \
Wales foster the )Tj
T*
(development of renewables by )Tj
ET
EMC
/Lbl <>BDC
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
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(a. )Tj
ET
EMC
/LBody <>BDC
BT
/TT0 1 Tf
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(switching to green electricity for their own use)Tj
ET
EMC
/Lbl <>BDC
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 30.88509 111.99481 Tm
(b. )Tj
ET
EMC
/LBody <>BDC
BT
/TT0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 47.51553 111.99481 Tm
(supporting development projects for technologies that exploit local oppo\
rtunities or )Tj
T*
(unique resources.)Tj
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EMC
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/TT0 1 Tf
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(D. )Tj
/TT1 1 Tf
(The obstacles relating to embedded generation, connection charges and NE\
TA have already )Tj
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(been clearly identified \(by the industry and in the PIU working papers\)\
and recognised \(by both DTI )Tj
ET
EMC
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(and Ofgem\) as requiring urgent attention and there are various committe\
es and working parties )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(addressing these issues.)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 9.50311 706.28008 Tm
(The National Assembly should add its weight to the need to resolve these\
issues as a matter )Tj
T*
(of urgency. It should also request clarification from the local Distribu\
tion Network )Tj
T*
(Companies regarding their policies regarding connections for renewable g\
enerators.)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 9.50311 639.96788 Tm
(E. )Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
(The main obstacle, particularly for on-shore wind development, has been \
obtaining planning )Tj
0 -1.22711 TD
(permission. There is an inevitable difficulty associated with balancing \
local, national and global )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(environmental concerns that is focussed in planning applications. Even i\
f a mechanism could be )Tj
T*
(found for facilitating such conflicts there remains the issue of delay, \
calling in of applications and )Tj
T*
(ultimate responsibility for approval of different sized power generating\
facilities. On-shore wind has )Tj
T*
(given rise to acrimonious differences between planners and developers as\
well as between different )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(sections of the public.)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 9.50311 509.79482 Tm
(F. )Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
(Northern European experience with planning issues has been very differen\
t, largely because )Tj
0 -1.22711 TD
(municipal authorities have carried out many of the developments. This ha\
s meant that local )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(residents received direct benefit from the development as well as contri\
buting to national and )Tj
T*
(international goals. To date there has been very little, if any, communi\
ty led development of )Tj
T*
(renewables in the UK. Nor has there been any direct benefit to the local\
communities where )Tj
T*
(developments occur or are planned. This contrasts with, for example, the\
way that builders, )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(supermarkets and other site developers will often include a local amenit\
y in their development plan )Tj
0 -1.20001 TD
(to provide local residents with a direct benefit.)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 9.50311 364.01717 Tm
(The National Assembly should; )Tj
ET
EMC
/Lbl <>BDC
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 31.63014 329.99605 Tm
(a. )Tj
ET
EMC
/LBody <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 47.51553 329.99605 Tm
(as a matter of urgency, seek ways to clarify and streamline the planning\
process for )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(renewable energy developments. )Tj
ET
EMC
/Lbl <>BDC
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 30.88509 298.06561 Tm
(b. )Tj
ET
EMC
/LBody <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 47.51553 298.06561 Tm
(seek an extension of its powers with regard to the approval of power gen\
eration )Tj
T*
(facilities)Tj
ET
EMC
/Lbl <>BDC
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 31.63014 266.13518 Tm
(c. )Tj
ET
EMC
/LBody <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 47.51553 266.13518 Tm
(find mechanisms whereby renewables developments can provide immediate an\
d )Tj
T*
(tangible benefits to the local communities in which they reside)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT0 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 9.50311 215.78821 Tm
( )Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.30435 0 0 13.30435 9.50311 182.12773 Tm
(Conclusion)Tj
ET
EMC
/P <>BDC
BT
/TT0 1 Tf
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(There are many different perspectives, including fears and opportunities\
, on the changes to the )Tj
T*
(energy system that are already taking place and which will be accelerate\
d over the next few )Tj
T*
(decades. These changes will inevitably lead to both gains and losses for\
communities and )Tj
T*
(institutions. Facilitating such change will be easier if it is fostered \
and supported by an inspiring )Tj
T*
(vision of the future, a vision that encourages everyone to celebrate the\
opportunities and gains as )Tj
T*
(well as bearing whatever costs are involved.)Tj
ET
EMC
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(The National Assembly should seek to promote a vision for renewable ener\
gy in Wales that )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(emphasises safe, clean and secure energy supplies and contributes positi\
vely to reducing )Tj
T*
(global warming. It should emphasise that this will provide opportunities\
for industrial and )Tj
T*
(rural development, long-term employment and increased prosperity. Most o\
f all it should )Tj
T*
(promote this vision by example and by vigorously pursuing well thought o\
ut policies.)Tj
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